On October 17, 2000, "The Children's Health Act of 2000" (HR 4365) was signed into federal law. Section 3502 of that Act sets forth the "Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000" (DATA). This legislation is of particular interest to state medical boards because it provides for significant changes in the oversight of the medical treatment of opioid addiction. For the first time in almost a century, physicians may treat opioid addiction with opioid medications in office-based settings. These opioid medications, Schedule m, IV, and V opioid drugs with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved indication for the treatment of opioid dependence, may be provided to patients under certain restrictions. This new treatment modality makes it possible for physicians to treat patients for opioid addiction in their offices without the requirement that they be referred to specialized opioid treatment programs (OTP's or "methadone clinics") as previously required under federal law.
The DATA requires changes in the oversight systems within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The Secretary of HHS has delegated authority in this area to the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), within the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Bringing the treatment of opioid addicted patients into the scope of individual physician practice significantly increases the role of the state medical board in overseeing opioid addiction treatment. For this reason, the Federation of State Medical Boards entered into an agreement with CSAT to develop model guidelines for use by state medical boards in regulating the office-based treatment of opioid addiction.
The following model guidelines are designed to encourage state medical boards to adopt consistent standards, promote public health by availing opioid addicted patients of appropriate treatment, and educating the regulatory and physician communities on new treatment modalities offering an alternative in the treatment of opioid addiction.
The Federation recognizes CSAT for initiating this project and cooperating in the development of the guidelines.
The Federation also acknowledges the efforts of the following individuals who participated in the workgroup that provided direction to this project:
George C. Barrett, MD
Immediate Past President, Federation of State Medical Boards
Regina M. Benjamin, MD, MBA
Alabama State Board of Medical Examiners
Jack Blaine, MD
National Institute on Drug Abuse
W. Joseph Burnett, MD, Director
Executive Director, Mississippi State Board of Medical Licensure
Carlos Campos, MD, MPH
Former Member, Texas State Board of Medical Examiners
Charles Cichon
President, National Association of Diversion Investigators
Dorynne Czechowicz, MD
Division of Treatment Research and Development
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Stephen L. Dilts, MD, PhD
President, American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry/American Medical Association
William H. Fleming, IE, MD
Texas State Board of Medical Examiners
Patricia Good
Chief, Liaison Policy Section/Office of Diversion Control
Drug Enforcement Administration
William L. Harp, MD
Executive Director, Virginia Board of Medicine
D. Christopher Keyes, MD, MPH
Chief, Section of Toxicology, Division of Emergency Medicine
University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas
Walter Ling, MD
Director, Los Angeles Addiction Research Consortium
Ira Lubell, MD
Santa Clara Valley Medical Center
James J. Manlandro, DO
President, American Osteopathic Academy of Addiction Medicine
Tom McGinnis, Director
Pharmacy Affairs, Office of Policy, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Laura F. McNicholas, MD, PhD
Chair, CSAT Clinical Guidelines Consensus Panel on Buprenorphine
Rev. Daniel W. Morrissey, OP
Director-at-large, Federation of State Medical Boards
Richard T. Suchinsky, MD
Associate Director for Addictive Disorders
Veterans Health Administration
R. Russell Thomas, Jr., DO, MPH
Texas State Board of Medical Examiners
Alan Trachtenberg, MD, MPH
Medical Director, SAMHSA/CSAT/OPAT
George J. Van Komen, MD
President, Federation of State Medical Boards
Donald R. Wesson, MD
American Society of Addiction Medicine
Donald H. Williams
National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Staff
Staff
Bruce A. Levy, MD, JD
Deputy Executive Vice President
Federation of State Medical Boards
Lisa Robin
Director, Leadership Support Service
Federation of State Medical Boards
Jeanne Hoferer
Legislative Services
Federation of State Medical Boards
The (name of board) recognizes that the prevalence of addiction to heroin and other opioids has risen sharply in the United States and that the residents of the State of (name of state) should have access to modern, appropriate and effective addiction treatment. The appropriate application of up-to-date knowledge and treatment modalities can successfully treat patients who suffer from opioid addiction and reduce the morbidity, mortality and costs associated with opioid addiction, as well as public health problems such as HIV, HBV, HCV and other infectious diseases. The Board encourages all physicians to assess their patients for a history of substance abuse and potential opioid addiction. The Board has developed these guidelines in an effort to balance the need to expand treatment capacity for opioid addicted patients with the need to prevent the inappropriate, unwise, or illegal prescribing of opioids.
Until recently, physicians have been prohibited from prescribing arid dispensing opioid medications in the treatment of opioid addiction, except within the confines of federally regulated opioid treatment programs. Because of the increasing number of opioid addicted individuals and the associated public health problems, as well as the limited availability of addiction treatment programs, federal laws now enable qualified physicians to prescribe Schedule m-v medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration for office-based treatment of opioid addiction1. Return
Physicians who consider office-based treatment of opioid addiction must be knowledgeable about the appropriate use of opioid agonist, antagonist, and partial agonist medications. Physicians must also demonstrate required qualifications as defined under and in accordance with the "Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000" (DATA), and obtain a waiver from SAMHSA, as authorized by the Secretary of HHS. In addition to the waiver, physicians must hold a current license in the State of (name of state) and meet one or more of the following conditions to be considered as qualified to treat opioid addicted patients in an office-based setting in this state:
The Board recognizes that new treatment modalities offer an alternative in the treatment of opioid addiction. Based on appropriate patient assessment and evaluation, it may be both feasible and desirable to provide office-based treatment of opioid addicted patients with Schedule m-v opioid medications approved for such use by the FDA and regulated in such use by CSAT/SAMHSA. Physicians are referred to the Buprenorphine Clinical Practice Guidelines, available at the CSAT/SAMHSA, Office of Pharmacologic and Alternative Therapies, Rockwall II, Room 7-222, 5515 Security Lane, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 (301)443-7614 or http://www.sarnhsa.gov/centers/csat/opat.html.
The medical management of opioid addiction should be based upon current knowledge and research and includes the use of both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical modalities. Prior to initiating treatment, physicians should be knowledgeable about addiction treatment and all available pharmacologic treatment agents as well as available ancillary services to support both the physician and patient. In order to undertake treatment of opioid addicted patients, physicians must demonstrate a capacity to refer patients for appropriate counseling and other ancillary services.
The (state medical board) is obligated under the laws of the State of (name of state) to protect the public health and safety. The Board recognizes that inappropriate prescribing of controlled substances, including opioids, may lead to drug diversion and abuse by individuals who seek them for other than legitimate medical use. Physicians must be diligent in preventing the diversion of drugs for illegitimate and nonmedical uses.
Qualified physicians need not fear disciplinary action from the Board or other state regulatory or enforcement agency for appropriate prescribing, dispensing, or administering approved opioid drugs in Schedule III, IV, or V, or combinations thereof, for a legitimate medical purpose in the usual course of opioid addiction treatment. The Board will consider appropriate prescribing, ordering, administering, or dispensing of these medications for opioid addiction to be for a legitimate medical purpose if based on accepted scientific knowledge of the treatment of opioid addiction and in compliance with applicable state and federal law.
The Board will determine the appropriateness of prescribing based on the physician's overall treatment of the patient and on available documentation of treatment plans and outcomes. The goal is to treat the patient's addiction while effectively addressing other aspects of the patient's functioning, including physical, psychological, medical, social and work-related factors. The following guidelines are not intended to define complete or best practice, but rather to communicate what the Board considers to be within the boundaries of accepted professional practice.
The Board has adopted the following guidelines when evaluating the treatment of opioid addiction under DATA:
Generally, to prescribe and dispense opioid medications, the physician must be licensed in the state, have a valid controlled substances registration and comply with federal and state regulations applicable to controlled substances. In addition, to qualify to prescribe opioid medications for the treatment of opioid addiction under DATA, physicians must have a current waiver issued by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Physicians are specifically prohibited from delegating prescribing opioids for detoxification and/or maintenance treatment purposes to nonphysicians. Physicians are referred to DEA regulations (21CFR Part 1300 to end) and the DEA Physicians's Manual www.deadiversion.usdoi.aov and (any relevant documents issued by the state medical board) for specific rules governing issuance of controlled substances prescriptions as well as applicable state regulations.
A recent, complete medical history and physical examination must be documented in the medical record. The medical record should document the-nature of the patient's addiction(s), evaluate underlying or coexisting diseases or conditions, the effect-on physical and psychological function, and history of substance abuse and any treatments therefor. The medical record should also document the suitability of the patient for office-based treatment based upon recognized diagnostic criteria2. Return2.
The written treatment plan should state objectives that will be used to determine treatment success, such as freedom from intoxication, improved physical function,psychosocial function, and compliance and should indicate if any further diagnostic evaluations or treatments are planned, as well as counseling or other ancillary services. This plan should be reviewed periodically. After treatment begins, the physician should adjust drug therapy to the individual medical needs of each patient. Treatment goals, other treatment modalities or a rehabilitation program should be evaluated and discussed with the patient. If possible, attempts should be made to involve significant others or immediate family members in the treatment process, with the patient's consent. The treatment plan should also contain contingencies for treatment failure, such as referral to a more structured treatment environment.
The physician should discuss the risks and benefits of the use of these approved opioid medications with the patient and, with appropriate consent of the patient, significant other(s), family members, or guardian. The patient should receive opioids from only one physician and/or one pharmacy when possible. The physician should employ the use of a written agreement between physician and patient outlining patient responsibilities including (1) alternative treatment options (2) regular toxicologic testing for drugs of abuse and therapeutic drug levels (if available and indicated) (3) number and frequency of all prescription refills and (4) reasons for which drug therapy may be discontinued (i.e. violation of agreement).
Patients should be seen at reasonable intervals (at least weekly during initial treatment) based upon the individual circumstance of the patient. Periodic assessment is necessary to determine compliance with the dosing regimen, effectiveness of treatment plan, and to assess how the patient is handling the prescribed medication. Once a stable dosage is achieved and urine (or other toxicologic) tests are free of illicit drugs, less frequent office visits may be initiated (monthly may be reasonable for patients on a stable dose of the prescribed medication(s) who are making progress toward treatment objectives). Continuation or modification of opioid therapy should depend on the physician's evaluation of progress toward stated treatment objectives such as (1) absence of toxicity (2) absence of medical or behavioral adverse effects (3) responsible handling of medications (4) compliance with all elements of the treatment plan (including recovery oriented activities, psychotherapy and/or other psychosocial modalities) and (5) abstinence from illicit drug use. If reasonable treatment goals are not being achieved, the physician should re-evaluate the appropriateness of continued treatment.
The physician should refer the patient as necessary for additional evaluation and treatment in order to achieve treatment objectives. The physician should pursue a team approach to the treatment of opioid addiction, including referral for counseling and other ancillary services. Ongoing communication between the physician and consultants is necessary to ensure appropriate compliance with the treatment plan. This may be included in the formal treatment agreement between the physician and patient. Special attention should be given to those patients who are at risk for misusing their medications and those whose living or work arrangements pose a risk for medication misuse or diversion. The management of addiction in patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders requires extra care, monitoring, documentation and consultation with or referral to a mental health professional.
The prescribing physician should keep accurate and complete records to include (1) the medical history and physical examination (2) diagnostic, therapeutic and laboratory results (3) evaluations and consultations (4) treatment objectives (5) discussion of risks and-benefits £6) treatments (7) medications (including date, type, dosage, and quantity prescribed and/or dispensed) (8) instructions and agreements and (9) periodic reviews. Records should remain current and be maintained in an accessible manner and readily available for review. The physician must adhere to the special confidentiality requirements of 42CFR. Part 2, which apply to the treatment of drug and alcohol addiction, including the prohibition against release of records or other information, except pursuant to a proper patient consent or court order in full compliance with 42CFR2, or the Federal or State officials listed in 42CFR2, or in cases of true medical emergency or for the mandatory reporting of child abuse.
For the purposes of these guidelines, the following terms are defined as follows:
Addiction: A neurobehavioral disease process involving use of psychoactive substances wherein there is loss of control, compulsive use, and continued use despite adverse social, physical, psychological or spiritual consequences. Addiction may also be referred to by terms such as "drug dependence".
Agonists: Agonist drugs occupy and activate receptors. Full mu opioid agonists activate mu receptors, and increasing doses of full agonists produce increasing effects. Most opioids that are abused, such as morphine and heroin are full mu opioid agonists.
"Approved Schedule III-V Opioids": Opioids referred to by the DATA, specifically approved by the FDA for treatment of opioid dependence or addiction.
Antagonists: Antagonists bind to but do not activate receptors. They prevent the receptor from being activated by an agonist compound. Examples of opioid antagonists are naltrexone and naloxone.
Maintenance Treatment: Maintenance treatment means the dispensing of an opioid medication at stable dosage levels.
Opioid Dependence: A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, manifested by 3 or more of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
Opioid Drug: Opioid drug means any drug having an addiction-forming or addiction sustaining liability similar to morphine or being capable of conversion into a drug having such addiction-forming or addiction sustaining liability. (Controlled Substances Act - opiate)
Opioid Treatment Program (OTP), ("methadone clinics" or narcotic treatment programs): Opioid treatment program means a licensed program or practitioner engaged in the treatment of opioid addicted patients with approved Scheduled II opioids (methadone and/or LAAM).
Partial Agonists: Partial agonists occupy and activate receptors. At low doses, like full agonists, increasing doses of the partial agonist produce increasing effects. However, unlike full agonists, the receptor-activation produced by a partial agonist reaches a plateau over which increasing doses do not produce an increasing effect. The plateau may have the effect of limiting the partial agonist's therapeutic activity as well as its toxicity. Buprenorphine is an example of a partial agonist.
Physical Dependence: Physical dependence is a physiologic state of neuroadaptation which is characterized by the emergence of a withdrawal syndrome if the drug is stopped or decreased abruptly, or if an antagonist is administered. Withdrawal may be relieved by re-administration of the drug. Physical dependence, by itself, does not equate with addiction.
Qualified physician: A physician, licensed in the State of (name of state) who holds a current waiver issued by SAMHSA (as authorized by the Secretary HHS) and meets one or more of the conditions set forth in Section 1 hereinabove.
Substance Abuse: A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one or more of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
Tolerance: Tolerance is a physiologic state resulting from regular use of a drug in which an increased dosage is needed to produce the same effect or a reduced effect is observed with a constant dose.
Waiver: A documented authorization from the Secretary of HHS issued by SAMHSA under the DATA that exempts qualified physicians from the rules applied to OTPs. Implementation of the waiver includes possession of a valid DEA certificate with applicable suffix.
1. Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000. Return
2. Buprenorphine Clinical Practice Guidelines, Table 3-1. Return
NAMA has developed resoures for physicians interested in providing Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) in an office setting. You can access these resources at http://www.methadone.org/ .
© Copyright 2003 National Alliance of Methadone Advocates www.methadone.org Last Update: November 13, 2003